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Unit 1: Definition, scope and importance of environmental science and its interrelationship with other sciences and agriculture; Origin and evolution of the earth; concept of plate tectonics and continental drift theory; spheres of atmosphere: hydrosphere, Lithosphere and biosphere; Biogeochemical cycles; Components of environment - biotic, abiotic and social; Weather and climate; Human Settlement, History; Effect of various developmental activities on environment. Concept of sustainability and sustainable development
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Unit 2: Basic ecological concepts - habitat ecology, systems ecology, synecology, autecology; Ecosystem concept; Structure and functions of biotic and abiotic components; Energy in ecosystems and environment; Energy exchange and productivity-food chains and food webs- ecological pyramids; Population - characteristics and measurement; Communities - habitats, niches, population dynamics, species and individual in the ecosystem; Diversity indices; Types characteristic features, structure and function of forest, grassland, plantation, desert, aquatic and agro-ecosystem; Ecological succession - types and causes; ecological footprints; virtual water trade and water footprints. Ecosystem services.
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Unit 3: Biodiversity concepts, levels and types, changes in tune and space, evolution, centres of origin of crops, species concept; Significance of biodiversity; Keystone, Flagship, Umbrella, and Indicator species; Species reintroduction and translocation. Plant genetic resources, exploration and collection; Crop domestication, plant introductions; agrobiodiversity. Migration and utilization; IUCN clauses and concept of threatened and endangered species; Red Data Book, Biogeography; Principles and methods of conservation of biological diversity: in-situ and ex-situ. Causes of loss of biodiversity: introduction of exotics and invasive plants, role of national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves; National and global conservation measures, institutions and conventions; Indian Biodiversity Act 2002, PPV&FRA 2001; Biodiversity and economics with special reference to India; Biodiversity in relation to global environmental changes; Biodiversity hot spots in India and world; Biodiversity and food security.
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Unit 4: Composition of air; Air pollution: sources and classification of major air pollutants; Smoke, smog, photochemical smog and SPM; Methods of air pollution monitoring and controlling measures; Effects of air pollutants on crops, vegetation. animals and human health; Factors affecting plant response to air pollution; Acid rain, physiological and biochemical effects of SO2, HF, PAN O3 and emerging pollutants on vegetation, toxicity symptoms on vegetation; defence mechanism, sensitive and tolerant plant species to air pollutants. Concepts of diffusion and dispersion, Gaussian plume model, hydraulic potential; Darcy’s equation; concepts of heat transfer – conduction – Convection; National and international laws and policies on air pollution; Air Quality Index; Air Pollution Tolerance index (APTI); Soil and water pollution: sources and types of soil and water pollutants; Effects of pollutants on soil health and productivity; Radioactive pollutants, their life time and disposal; sources of water pollution, their impacts on environment and agro-ecosystems; Pollution in fresh water bodies, ponds, lakes, rivers and wells. Effects of soil and water pollutants on crop plants, animals, microorganism and human health; e-waste. Emerging pollutants; persistent organic pollutants. Wetland conservation and management; eutrophication- types, effects and management; Biomagnification and its impact on loss of biodiversity; Physical, chemical and biological properties of wastes; Heavy metal contamination of environments, Ecotoxicology basic concepts; , Bioremediation; sampling of air, water and soil and methods for determination of different pollutants. Noise pollution: Sources and Control Measures. National and International laws and maximum permissible limits of air, soil, water and noise pollutants Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in pollution control. Effluent treatment processes for major industries viz. distilleries; paper and pulp, sugar, other agro industrial wastes; Resource, product recovery, recycling and value addition to wastes; Biodegradation and bioconversion of organic wastes, composting, landfills; vermicomposting, mushroom cultivation etc.; sludge, fly ash, effluents and other agro industrial wastes, their types and sources, collection and transportation. Microbial, chemical and phytoremediation processes; safe disposal of waste. Role of microbes in waste recycling; Agro-waste processing and recovery of value added products.
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